Contributions of Ammonia to High Concentrations of PM2.5 in an Urban Area
- 주제(키워드) ammonia , ammonium nitrate , PM2 , 5 , aerosol pollution , urban
- 주제(기타) Environmental Sciences
- 주제(기타) Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
- 설명문(일반) [Park, Junsu; Oh, Sangmin; Kim, Haeri; Song, Mijung] Jeonbuk Natl Univ, Dept Environm & Energy, Jeonju Si 54896, Jeollabuk Do, South Korea; [Park, Junsu] Natl Inst Anim Sci, Anim Environm Div, Wanjugun 55365, Jeollabuk Do, South Korea; [Kim, Eunhye; Kim, Soontae] Ajou Univ, Dept Environm Safety & Engn, Suwon 16499, Gyeonggi Do, South Korea; [Kim, Eunhye] Natl Air Emiss Inventory & Res Ctr, Emiss Inventory Management Team, Cheongju 28166, Chungcheongbuk, South Korea; [Kim, Yong Pyo] Ewha Womans Univ, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Grad Sch, BK21 Plus Program, Seoul 03760, South Korea; [Song, Mijung] Jeonbuk Natl Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Jeonju Si 54896, Jeollabuk Do, South Korea
- 관리정보기술 faculty
- 등재 SCIE, SCOPUS
- OA유형 gold, Green Published
- 발행기관 MDPI
- 발행년도 2021
- URI http://www.dcollection.net/handler/ewha/000000191096
- 본문언어 영어
- Published As https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121676
초록/요약
Atmospheric ammonia (NH3) plays a critical role in PM2.5 pollution. Data on atmospheric NH3 are scanty; thus, the role of NH3 in the formation of ammonium ions (NH4+) in various environments is understudied. Herein, we measured concentrations of NH3, PM2.5, and its water-soluble SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+ ions (SNA) at an urban site in Jeonju, South Korea from May 2019 to April 2020. During the measurement period, the average concentrations of NH3 and PM2.5 were 10.5 +/- 4.8 ppb and 24.0 +/- 12.8 mu g/m(3), respectively, and SNA amounted to 4.3 +/- 3.1, 4.4 +/- 4.9, and 1.6 +/- 1.8 mu g/m(3), respectively. A three-dimensional photochemical model analysis revealed that a major portion of NH3, more than 88%, originated from Korea. The enhancement of the ammonium-to-total ratio of NH3, NHX (NHR = [NH4+]/[NH4+] + [NH3]) was observed up to ~0.61 during the increase of PM2.5 concentration (PM2.5 >= 25 mu g/m(3)) under low temperature and high relative humidity conditions, particularly in winter. The PM2.5 and SNA concentrations increased exponentially as NHR increased, indicating that NH3 contributed significantly to SNA formation by gas-to-particle conversion. Our study provided experimental evidence that atmospheric NH3 in the urban area significantly contributed to SNA formation through gas-to-particle conversion during PM2.5 pollution episodes.
more