The Interplay between Intracellular Iron Homeostasis and Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases
- 주제(키워드) 4-HNE , ferroptosis , intracellular iron homeostasis , neurodegenerative diseases , neuroinflammation , NF-κB , Nrf2
- 등재 SCIE, SCOPUS
- OA유형 Green Published, gold
- 발행기관 MDPI
- 발행년도 2023
- 총서유형 Journal
- URI http://www.dcollection.net/handler/ewha/000000208769
- 본문언어 영어
- Published As https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12040918
- PubMed 37107292
초록/요약
Iron is essential for life. Many enzymes require iron for appropriate function. However, dysregulation of intracellular iron homeostasis produces excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) via the Fenton reaction and causes devastating effects on cells, leading to ferroptosis, an iron-dependent cell death. In order to protect against harmful effects, the intracellular system regulates cellular iron levels through iron regulatory mechanisms, including hepcidin–ferroportin, divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1)–transferrin, and ferritin–nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4). During iron deficiency, DMT1–transferrin and ferritin–NCOA4 systems increase intracellular iron levels via endosomes and ferritinophagy, respectively. In contrast, repleting extracellular iron promotes cellular iron absorption through the hepcidin–ferroportin axis. These processes are regulated by the iron-regulatory protein (IRP)/iron-responsive element (IRE) system and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Meanwhile, excessive ROS also promotes neuroinflammation by activating the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). NF-κB forms inflammasomes, inhibits silent information regulator 2-related enzyme 1 (SIRT1), and induces pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β). Furthermore, 4-hydroxy-2,3-trans-nonenal (4-HNE), the end-product of ferroptosis, promotes the inflammatory response by producing amyloid-beta (Aβ) fibrils and neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer’s disease, and alpha-synuclein aggregation in Parkinson’s disease. This interplay shows that intracellular iron homeostasis is vital to maintain inflammatory homeostasis. Here, we review the role of iron homeostasis in inflammation based on recent findings. © 2023 by the authors.
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